Vol. 2 No. 7; August 2012 Vol_2_No_7_August_2012 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of the Flow Field in Wood-Fired Bakery Ovens Fabião Armando Manhiça, Carlos Lucas, Tobias Richards Abstract The circulation of hot gases within a bakery oven is used to describe and predict the exchange of heat and its influence on the final product. A bi-dimensional model was used, together with a CFD model, to estimate the flow pattern inside an oven by varying the velocity of the airflow in order to simulate changes in the combustion chamber. Acceptable agreement was found in the comparison between the models and the measured temperatures. The inlet velocity and the geometry affect the flow pattern in a baking oven. Low velocity cause low levels of circulation, which implies better conditions in the baking process. High velocities the temperature decreases in the oven due to excess air even with a high recirculation of gases. During the feeding process, the overall heat transfer was also affected by a changed effective thermal conductivity and recirculation of hot gases in the baking oven. 2. An Exploratory Study of Health Information Technology and Electronic Health Records on Improving Quality of Patient Care John M. Woosley, Arshia Khan Abstract This paper explores the relationship and use of health information technology in the modern healthcare industry. Specifically, we identify the connection between health information and the quality of care patients receive. Electronic health records are one technology currently being employed as a means of controlling health care costs, better managing patient information, and enhancing patient care. Given the limited number of practitioners and facilities that have currently implemented such systems, it is important to explore the extent to which EHR systems are being utilized and the impact such systems are truly having on the quality of care and patient outcomes. 3. Incorporating Captive Animal Behavior into the Conservation of Threatened Species, Hippocampus Ingens Dominique T. Richardson, Paul J. Narguizian Abstract Reintroduction, bolstering wild populations of threatened species with captive-raised animals, is a potential way to aid vulnerable seahorses. Previous reintroductions, including those of other organisms, have not always been successful, as captive animals do not have the same behaviors as their wild counterparts. Although they are naturally ambush predators, captive seahorses are promptly weaned onto a dead food diet due to the high cost of live food. To determine if the weaning process affects the behavior and food preference of a potential reintroduction species, we recorded and analyzed the behavior of Hippocampus ingens, raised at the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium (CMA), when feeding on live and dead foods. These post-weaned seahorses prefer dead food (p<0.001) and their feeding behavior is significantly altered by the weaning process: they act as scavengers instead of ambush predators. This discrepancy in behavior can directly affect the survival of the seahorses upon reintroduction and possibly change their ecological niche. This work will help prepare reintroduction animals both for survival and to fulfill their ecological role, ensuring the long-term success of conservation efforts. 4. Impact of Chaos in the Progression of Heart Failure George E. Louridas, Alexios G. Louridas Abstract Purpose of review: Cardiologists and researchers are well informed of the advances in chaos theory and nonlinear dynamics and their clinical application in the field of cardiology. Heart failure is a syndrome with a progressive clinical deterioration that involves left ventricular dysfunction and neurohormonal adaptations with a relentless course toward end-stage myocardial failure. In the present paper, a concept of chaotic behavior of cardiac function during heart failure progression is introduced. Recent findings: The progressive nature of heart failure discloses a dynamical and non-linear system with properties and characteristics of chaotic behavior related to the initial conditions and the presence of a chaotic attractor. The clinical deterioration of heart failure in a worse clinical state concentrates the characteristics of a complex and unstable system that is stabilized in the form of a strange (chaotic) attractor. The clinical stabilization in the form of a strange attractor is accomplished with help from the self-organized positive feedback stabilization neurohormonal mechanisms. This stabilization period is interrupted by miscellaneous causes with left ventricular remodeling being the most prominent. Summary: In human heart failure, there are periods of clinical stabilization in the form of the strange attractor that depends on its initial state, and interruption periods of clinical instability. In the interruption periods small changes of the interrupted causes can produce high clinical instability. Left ventricular remodeling with its functional myocardial deterioration is the most probable cause of the clinical decline and of the progressive nature of heart failure. 5. The Matic networks and Research Training-Teachers in higher Agricultural Education Liberio Victorino Ramírez, María del Rosario González Hernández Abstract This article describes the social networking Web 2.0themes use to guide the training of researchers-teachers (RT) in higher agricultural education institutions (HAEI). As central premise is estimated that the use of these networks radically changes the traditional view and the task of training researchers and teachers in different subject are as, particularly in higher agricultural education. Before an idea of the formation of researchers and teachers as an individual action and away from the application context as an actor alone, self-education through social networks means building a training model based R-T collaborative dialogue and democratic knowledge. It also presents a classification of different types of network R-Ton the Internet, identifying different examples of the same. The article concludes with a contribution on the scope and limitations of these research networks for constructive work in the formation of researchers and teachers, exemplifying with a proposal that was presented in Mexico and Colombia during November and December2009. We include some fundamental aspects. 6. Identifying Predictors of National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) Success in an Associate Degree Nursing Program Jean M. Truman Abstract The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to compare graduates (N=188) of a specific rural associate degree nursing program who were successful on the initial attempt at National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) to graduates who were not, using admission and program criteria. Admission variables included age at admission to the nursing program, gender, ethnicity, parental education, high school rank, pre-admission GPA, Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores, ACT® composite scores, and pre-admission science GPA. The program variables were the number of “C” grades in nursing courses and nursing course GPA. Students who passed the NCLEX-RN possessed statistically higher pre-admission GPAs (p=.011), nursing course GPAs (p=.000), and SAT verbal scores (p=.009), and had significantly fewer Cs in nursing courses (p=.000) than those who failed. Logistic regression model revealed that SAT verbal and nursing GPA significantly predicted NCLEX-RN success. 7. Recovery of Waste of Construction, Demolition and Mining Tailings Francisco Prieto García, Yamile Rangel Martínez, Otilio A. Acevedo Sandoval, Alberto J. Gordillo Martínez Abstract The reuse of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is an economic strategy that is practiced in most industrialized countries to add value to solid waste. The ability to retrieve and combine them with mining waste (tailings) in the reprocessing of new rock aggregates implies a high economic effect and a new source of employment. The aim of this work has been to present a technical-economic feasibility study for this purpose. The results indicate that a plant design capacity of 61T/h would have an initial investment of $24 543 377.73 Mexican pesos (about $1 817 828.00 U.S. dollars) with annual revenues of $1 500 000.00 minimum and a maximum recovery in 16 years. Retrieving and marketing materials that often accompany CDW, annual earnings can be as high as $12 500 000.00 and an accelerated recovery in 2 years. 8. Time Series Analysis for Predicting the Occurrences of Large Scale Earthquakes Amei Amei, Wandong Fu, Chih-Hsiang Ho Abstract Earthquakes that have occurred worldwide during the period of 1896 to 2009 with magnitude of 8.0 or greater on the Richter scale are assumed to follow a Poisson process. Several autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models with different time steps are proposed to predict the occurrences of large scale earthquakes by fitting the model with a sequence of empirical recurrence rates (ERRs) time series. The last five or ten data points are used as prediction sets to check the predictive ability of the candidate models developed by the time series modeling techniques. For a full scale forecast, the best fitted model predicts a total number of 12 large scale earthquakes in the next 6 years worldwide. The application of ERR based ARIMA models to long-term earthquake prediction not only serves as a linking bridge between point processes and the classical time series but also extends the usage of statistical methods to a wide area of natural disaster predictions. 9. Recharging Centers for Disease Control Light Trap Batteries with Solar Panels S. M. Hanson, A. L. Johnson, Y. Hou, M. D. Hellwig Abstract Although Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and other battery-powered traps can be deployed virtually anywhere, one of their principal drawbacks is that the batteries have to be recharged daily. Thus, recharging with a solar panel would render them much less labor-intensive. To that end, a system was designed to connect a solar panel to the battery of a CDC light trap to recharge the battery. There was no significant difference between traps connected to solar panels(solar traps) and traps not connected to solar panels (control traps) in the number of Aedes vexans, Coquillettidia perturbans, Culiseta inornata, and Aedes dorsalis that they collected. Batteries connected to solar panels operated traps significantly longer than batteries without solar panels. Making the operation of traps less labor-intensive would increase the number of traps that can be deployed and/or the number of sites sampled. 10. The Synthesis and Characterisation of Retinol-molecularly Imprinted Polymers as a Selective Sorbent in Solid-phase Extraction Vatcharee Seechamnanturakit, Roognapa Suedee Abstract The aim of the work is to design and synthesize and evaluate the polymer recognition characteristics of molecularly imprinted polymers selective for trans-retinol (R-MIP). The optimal amount of template and methacrylic acid (MAA) functional monomer as well as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) acts as the crosslinker was examined toward imprinting process using radical polymerization in chloroform solvent. The FT-IR study indicated the interaction between hydroxyl group on trans-retinol and carbonyl group on MAA forms hydrogen bonding. From 1H-NMR titration, the job’s plot analysis was considered that trans-retinol interacted with MAA in a 1:1 molar ratio of the template-functional monomer complex. The binding isotherm of the imprinted polymer was fitted to the Freundlich model and the binding affinity constant was provided for 0.064 µM-1. Cross-reactivity study revealed that the binding capability of the imprinted polymer was highest for the template when compared with other structurally related substances (cis-retinol, a, d, g-tocopherol, a-tocotrienol and b-carotene). The results proved that the obtained trans-retinol-imprinted polymer is appreciable as specific sorbents for separation of complex mixtures such as crude palm oils. 11. Antimicrobial Properties and Nutritional Composition of Aspilia africana C.D. Adams AGBOR R.B.; EKPO I.A; EKANEM, B.E Abstract The antimicrobial and nutritive studies of Aspilia africana have been studied. The plant has a moisture content of 70%. Crude protein content is 3.31% measured at dry wet. The crude lipid of the plant was 0.37. The crude fibre content of the plant was 7.1% and crude carbohydrate content 78.15. The plant also contained quantities of tannin, oxalate, phytate, hydrocyanin as 4.57, 9.41, and 1.36% respectively. The presence of many elements is indicated in the plant with very low concentrations of copper, cobalt, zinc, phosphorus, lead. The plant is also rich in alkaloid, hydrolysable tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides as phytochemical components. The methanol, ethanol and the chloroform extracts shows more zones of inhibition to the microorganisms than the aqueous and soxhlet extracts. The plant is used by herbivores mainly as food and it had been used locally for treating ear infections. 12. Role of Upper Limbs: Slip-induced Falls Sukwon Kim Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the upper limb motions after a slip event. The study focused on examining relationships between arm motions and a regain of stability. A slippery surface was introduced unexpectedly while participants (younger or older adults) were walking at their preferred pace wearing the safety harness. The synchronized ground reaction force and body position data were obtained while they were slipping and recovering. The focus of this study was to examine the upper limbs (arms) kinematics while slipping over a slippery floor surface. It was believed that the arm movements would be used to improve imbalance produced by the inadvertent slipping. In particular, it was hypothesized that the involuntary arm motions while slipping was created in attempt to move the body center of mass forward, resulting in an improvement in the imbalance. The upper limb kinematic data was used to calculate the center of mass and acceleration of the upper limb. Along with the role of the upper limb, the different phases of recovery after the slip was studied and characterized. The data was analyzed using Matlab and a statistical analysis tool (JMP). The results were discussed in light of the 3-D kinematics of the arm movements and recovery categorization. In conclusion, the present study suggested that the upper limbs’ movements created during slipping contributed to an enhancement of individual’s recovery possibility from an inadvertent slip. 13. Reduce Torsional Vibration and Improve Drilling Operations Jerome Rajnauth, Tennyson Jagai Abstract Torsional vibration can be very damaging to drill string components during downhole drilling operations. Reducing torsional vibration as a result of monitoring and implementing corrective actions can be very useful in drilling optimization. While downhole vibrations cannot be totally eradicated, if properly monitored and kept to a minimum, they are harmless. A software package was used during drilling operations on two wells off the East Coast of Trinidad. Results showed that severe slip stick vibrations were occurring and having major impact on downhole equipment such as bit, Measurement While Drilling (MWD) tools and motor. The computer program provides real time display of the magnitude of torsional vibration by utilizing Fourier Spectral Analysis on the data from drilling sensors. This paper will look at the results from these two wells and show that there are benefits from monitoring and reducing torsional vibrations. These include: • reduction of the frequency of drill string/Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) failures; • reduction in trip time and fishing time; • increase in drilling rate and bit life 14. Cost as a Determinant of Compliance with Environmental Regulations by Micro and Small Enterprises in the Manufacturing Sector in Nairobi, Kenya Jane Gacoga Mputhia, Elegwa Mukulu, Joseph Keriko Abstract This research paper examines cost as a determinant of compliance with environmental regulations by micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in the manufacturing sector in Nairobi City, Kenya. All actors whose activities could impact on the environment including manufacturing MSEs are by law required to comply with ERs for safe and sustainable utilization of natural resources. The paper is based on a survey research that adopted a mixed research design. The target population was 358 manufacturing MSEs from which a sample of 10% (36 MSEs) was selected by stratified random sampling. Data was collected by administration of questionnaires to the MSEs supplemented by interviews and observation schedule. The study established that cost influenced compliance with ERs by the MSEs. The study recommended adoption of negotiated compliance to reduce prohibitive cost of ERs compliance and interventions to build capacity of MSEs to internally undertake environmental audits and thereby reduce on compliance costs. 15. The Impact of Sign Language and Speech Translators on the MFD Community: A Statistical Analysis Sara Bilal, Abdi O. Shuriye, Rini Akmeliawati Abstract This research introduces a survey on the impact of the existing and developed Automatic Sign Language Translator (ASLT) and Speech Translator (ST) systems on the hearing/speech impaired societies. The objective of the study is to examine whether these automatic systems are able to split the communication barriers between hearing/speech impaired people and hearing people. Essentially, the research explores the out come of the survey which was conducted in collaboration with the Malaysian Federation Deaf (MFD) society in Malaysia. The significant of this research lies in the fact that it serves exceptional human course. Data and information collected are systematically organized for reliability purposes. 16. Measuring and Evaluating Urban Textures Abrasion Amount by Using Fuzzy Logic,Index Overlay, AHP Dr. Mohammad Ajza Shokouhi, Parisa Roshani, Alireza Hassani, Seyed Ali Hossienpour Abstract Urban textures abrade as a result of natural factors, human and time factor, and time factor potentially revels in other factors (natural and humanistic). Combining these three factors (natural-humanistic- time) in a way that all of them had measured by their especial features is one of the main problems for estimating amount of texture abrasion. The purpose of this paper is estimating amount of urban texture abrasion by using AHP models, fuzzy logic and index overlay by which regions will recognize respectively according to amount of their abrasion, and necessary actions will done according to type of abrasion and their priority. The method which is used in this paper is analytical which is used GIS tool and programming models in order to reach purpose of the paper. By using fuzzy logic, qualitative and quantitative criteria which are affecting on texture abrasion are normalized and ordered in a period from one to zero numerically and continuously and prioritizing of these criteria will be recognized by using analytical model of index overlay. The amount of urban texture abrasion could be reached by combining these criteria and regarding to level of their prioritizing and present strategies and solutions appropriate for each type of abrasion in textures. As the most important and significant features of this method, in comparison with other classic models such as Boolean model (zero and one model), is its flexibility. Analysis and estimation will be more real while increase number of indexes and criteria in this model. Other political and economical considerations have been noticed in this model. 17. Effect of Chitosan and Chitosan-Nanoparticles as Active Coating on Microbiological Characteristics of Fish Fingers Entsar S. Abdou; Osheba, A.S.; M. A. Sorour Abstract The effect of different concentrations of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles as active coating on microbiological characteristics of fish fingers during frozen storage at -18°C were studied. Results indicated that, uncoated fish fingers (T1) and that coated with commercial edible coating (T2) had higher total bacterial count (TBC), psychrophilic bacteria, and coliform bacteria, proteolytic bacteria when compared with fish fingers coated with either chitosan or chitosan nanoparticles. Moreover, the lowest counts of abovementioned microorganisms were recorded for chitosan nanoparticles treatments during frozen storage at – 18 C up to 6 months. The flow behavior of the edible coating solutions prepared from chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles was studied; it was observed that all samples of edible coating solutions exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior for all concentrations studied. 18. Development and Validation of An Spanish Labeled Magnitude Scale For Sweetness Evaluation María Cecilia DROLAS, Lucila SABECKIS, María Inés SARCHI, Fabián DRUNDAY, Amalia Mirta CALVIÑO Abstract A labeled magnitude scale (LMS) in spanish language was developed and validated to assess sweetness. The LMS allows assessors to make their estimates with respect to the greatest imaginable sweetness. LMS offers a continuum, anchored in verbal descriptors ranging from slightly detectable/"ligeramente detectable" to the greatest imaginable/"lo más grande imaginable”. The analysis showed that five descriptors: weakly sweet (“WE”/"débilmente dulce”), moderately sweet (”MO”/"moderadamente dulce”), fairly sweet (“FA”/"bastante dulce"), very sweet (“VE”/"muy dulce") and greatest imaginable sweetness (“GI”/"dulzor más grande imaginable") were the main contributors to make this scale. The average values assigned to these descriptors indicate that "WE," "MO," "FA" and "VE" represent 5, 18, 31 and 43% of the sweetness scale, and finally "GI" was to be placed at the top, at 100% of the scale. This LMS scale was applied to measure sweetness of sucrose and Stevia rebaudiana extracts which were also evaluated by magnitude estimation (ME) and another general LMS (gLMS) in the context of evoked oral sensation. Significant differences in the rate of growth of sweetness appears for both compounds, where sucrose showed more steeper functions than S. rebaudiana extract. Comparying with ME, sweetness ratings with LMS show a steepness concentration-response function. Finally, rates of growth of sweetness functions obtained with ME and gLMS, were similar, yielding ratio-level data. 19. Synthesis, Characterization, Anti-inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities of Some New Thiazole Derivatives Firas A. Hassan Abstract A series of novel thiazole derivatives (A, A1, A2) were synthesized starting from 1-(3-methoxy phenyl) ethanone and thiourea. The compound (A) was obtained by heating 1-(3-methoxy phenyl) ethanone with thiourea in iodine. Compound (A) on treatment with 4-nitrobenzaldehyde afforded (Z)-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(4-nitrobenzylidene) thiazole-2-amine (A1). Acylation of compound (A) with 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride to obtain the corresponding N-[4- (3-methoxyphenyl) thiazole-2-yl]-4-nitrobenzamid (A2). The structures of compounds have been established by means of FTIR and 1H-NMR spectral analysis. All thiazole derivatives were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced Rat hind paw method. Derivative A1 show maximum anti-inflammatory activity. All the derivatives were screened for their in vitro antioxidant properties, through total antioxidant capacity, (1, 1- diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) DPPH, Nitric oxide, lipid peroxide scavenging and reducing power. The highest activity was detected during the radicals scavenging, with A1 and A2 noticed as the most active. 20.